What Kind of Arts and Crafts Did the Kiowa Do

Nation of American Indians of the Dandy Plains

Kiowa
Ka'igwu

3 Kiowa men, 1898
Total population
12,000 (2011)[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States ( Oklahoma)
Languages
English language, Kiowa, Plains Sign Talk
Religion
Native American Church, traditional tribal faith, Sun Trip the light fantastic, Christianity

Kiowa ()^{[2] [3]} people are a Native American tribe and an indigenous people of the Great Plains of the U.s.. They migrated southward from western Montana into the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in the 17th and 18th centuries,^[4] and finally into the Southern Plains by the early 19th century.^[5] In 1867, the Kiowa were moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma.

Today, they are federally recognized as Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma ^[half-dozen] with headquarters in Carnegie, Oklahoma.^[1] As of 2011^[update], there were 12,000 members.^[i] The Kiowa language (Cáuijògà), office of the Tanoan language family unit, is in danger of extinction, with merely xx speakers equally of 2012.^[7]

Name [edit]

In the Kiowa language, Kiowa call themselves [kɔ́j–gʷú], spelled variously as Ka'igwu, Cáuigú, [Gáuigú, or Gaigwu, well-nigh given with the speculated pregnant "Master People."^[8] The commencement part of the proper noun is the element [kɔ́j] (spelled Kae-, Cáui-, [Gáui, or Gai-] which simply means 'Kiowa'. Its origin is lost. The second element -gua/gú [–gʷú] (or –gʷúɔ̯] in older Kiowa) is a plural marker.^[9]

Ancient names of the tribe were Kútjàu or Kwu-da [kʰʷút–tɔ̀] ("emerging" or "coming out speedily") and Tep-da [tʰép+dɔ̀ː], relating to the tribal origin myth of a creator pulling people out of a hollow log until a pregnant adult female got stuck. Later, they called themselves Kom-pa-bianta (Kòmfàubî̱dàu) [kòmpɔ̀+bį̂ː–dɔ̀] (tipi flap+big–plural) for "people with big tipi flaps", before they met Southern Plains tribes or before they met white men.

In English language, Kiowa is pronounced KYE-o-wuh [ˈkʰaɪ.o.wə], never as KEE-o-wuh [ˈkʰi.o.wə]. The English name derives from how the Comanches would say /kɔ́j–gʷú/ in their language. Some older Kiowas will say Kiowa every bit KYE-waw [ˈkʰaɪ.wɑː].

In Plains Indian Sign Language, Kiowa is expressed past holding two directly fingers near the lower exterior border of the right eye and moving these fingers back past the ear. This corresponded to the aboriginal Kiowa hairstyle cut horizontally from the lower outside edge of the eyes to the back of their ears. This was a functional exercise to keep their hair from getting tangled while they shot an arrow from a bow string. George Catlin painted Kiowa warriors with this hairstyle.^[10]

Linguistic communication [edit]

The Kiowa linguistic communication is a member of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. The human relationship was first proposed by Smithsonian linguist John P. Harrington in 1910, and was definitively established by Ken Hale in 1967.^[11] Parker McKenzie, built-in 1897, was a noted authority on the Kiowa language, learning English language but when he began school. He worked with John P. Harrington, who gave him beginning-author credit on a co-published piece of work, in an era when Native consultants were rarely credited at all^[12] Later he also worked with Laurel Watkins on the Kiowa language. He went on to discuss the etymology of words and insights of how the Kiowa linguistic communication changed to comprise new items of cloth culture. McKenzie's letters are in the National Anthropological Archives on pronunciation and grammar of the Kiowa language.

Kiowa /ˈkaɪ.əwə/ or Cáuijṑ̱gà / [Gáui[dò̱:gyà (″language of the Cáuigù (Kiowa)″) is a Tanoan language spoken past Kiowa people, primarily in Caddo, Kiowa, and Comanche counties.^[thirteen]

Additionally, Kiowa were one of the numerous nations across the US, Canada and Mexico that spoke Plains Sign Talk. Originally a trade language, it became a language in its own right that remained in use across N America.^[14]

Government [edit]

The Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma is headquartered in Carnegie, Oklahoma. Their tribal jurisdictional area includes Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Grady, Kiowa, Tillman, and Washita Counties. Enrollment in the tribe requires a minimum blood quantum of ¼ Kiowa descent.^[1]

As of 2020^[update], the Kiowa Tribal chairman is Matthew 1000. Komalty, and the vice-chairman is Rhonda J. Ahhaitty.^[15]

Economical development [edit]

The Kiowa tribe issues its own vehicle tags. As of 2011^[update], the tribe owns ane smoke shop, the Morningstar Steakhouse and Grill, Morningstar Buffet, The Winner's Circle eatery in Devol, Oklahoma,^[16] and Kiowa Bingo near Carnegie, Oklahoma.^[17]

The tribe owns three casinos, the Kiowa Casino in Carnegie, in Verden, and the Kiowa Casino and Hotel Red River in Devol (approximately 20 minutes north of Wichita Falls, Texas).^[xviii]

Culture [edit]

Originally from the Northern Plains and migrating to the Southern Plains, Kiowa guild follows bilateral descent, that is, both maternal and paternal lines are significant.^[5] They don't take clans only have a complex kinship-based system, and societies based on age and gender.

Tipis, conical lodges fabricated from hibernate or later canvas, provided lightweight, portable housing. They hunted and gathered wild foods and traded with neighboring agrarian tribes for produce. The Kiowa migrated seasonally with the American bison because it was their principal food source. They also hunted antelope, deer, turkeys and other wild game. Women collected varieties of wild berries and fruit and candy them with prepared meats to brand pemmican. Dogs were used to pull travois and rawhide parfleche that independent camping appurtenances for short moves. The Kiowa tended to stay in areas for long periods of time.

When they adopted horse culture, afterwards acquiring horses from Spanish rancherias south of the Rio Grande, the Kiowa revolutionized their life-ways. They had much larger ranges for their seasonal hunting, and horses could carry some of their camping goods. The Kiowa and Plains Apache established a homeland that lay in the Southern Plains adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and the Ruby-red River drainage of the Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.^[5]

The Kiowa apply Plantago virginica make garlands or wreaths for sometime men to wear effectually their heads during ceremonial dances as a symbol of health.^[19]

Cuisine [edit]

Ledger drawing of mounted Kiowa hunters hunting pronghorn antelope with bows and lance, c.1875–1877.

Kiowa hunting elk on horseback, c. 1875–1877

Elk and Buffalo Grazing among Prairie Flowers 1846–48, painted by George Catlin in Texas.

The Kiowa historically had a nomadic hunter-gatherer gild. They shared a similar cuisine with their neighboring Plains tribes, such as the Comanche. The about important nutrient source for the Kiowa and swain plains nations is the American bison or buffalo. Earlier the introduction of horses, bison were hunted on pes and required the hunter to get as shut every bit possible to the target before going shut to shoot with arrows or use the long lance. Occasionally they wore the skins of wolves or coyotes to hide their approach towards the bison herds.

Hunting bison became far easier afterward the Kiowa caused horses. Bison were hunted on horseback and the men used bows and arrows to have them down, as well as long lances to pierce the hearts of the animals. The women prepared bison meat in a variety of ways: roasted, boiled, and dried. Stale meat was prepared into pemmican, for sustenance while the people were on the move. Pemmican is made by grinding dried lean meat into a pulverisation, and then mixing a near equal weight of melted fat or tallow and sometimes berries; the pemmican was shaped into bars and kept in pouches until gear up to eat. Certain parts of the bison were sometimes eaten raw. Other animals hunted included deer, elk, pronghorn, wild mustang, wild turkey, and bears. During times of scarce game, the Kiowa would eat pocket-size animals such as lizards, waterfowl, skunks, snakes, and armadillos.^{[ citation needed ]} They raided ranches for Longhorn cattle to eat during hard times, and horses to consume during difficult times and to acquire for their own use.

Men did most of the hunting in Kiowa lodge. Women were responsible for gathering wild edibles such equally berries, tubers, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and wild fruit but could cull to hunt if they wanted to. Plants of import to Kiowa cuisine includes pecans, prickly pear, mulberries, persimmons, acorns, plums, and wild onions. They acquired cultivated crops, such as squash, maize, and pumpkin, by trading with and raiding various Indian peoples, such equally the Pawnee people, living on the western edge of the smashing plains. Prior to acquiring metallic pots from Europeans, Kiowa cooks boiled meat and vegetables through a procedure of lining a pit in the earth with animate being hides, filling that with water, and adding fire-heated rocks.^[20]

Transportation and dwellings [edit]

Four Kiowa tipis with designs, 1904. Acme L to R, bison herd and pipe-smoking deer; porcupines; bottom, L to R: arms and legs with pipes and cadger; mythical water monsters.

The principal class of shelter used past the Kiowa was the tipi or skin society. Tipis were made from bison hides shaped and sewn together in a conical shape. Wooden poles called lodge poles from 12–25 feet (iii.7–7.6 grand) in length are used as back up for the lodge. Lodge poles are harvested from red juniper and the lodgepole pine.^[21] Tipis take at least one entrance flap. Smoke flaps were place at the top, then that smoke could escape from the fire pit within. The floor of the tipi was lined with animal pelts and skins for warmth and comfort. The tipi is designed to be warm inside during the common cold winter months and cool within during the warm summer. Tipis are hands complanate and can be raised in minutes, making information technology an optimal construction for a nomadic people like the Kiowa and other Plains Indian nations. The poles of the tipi were used to construct a travois during times of travel. Hide paintings oftentimes adorn the outside and inside of the tipis, with special meanings attached to certain designs.

Ledger drawing of Kiowas engaging in horse mounted warfare with traditional enemy forces, 1875.

Before the introduction of the horse to Due north America, the Kiowa and other plains peoples used domestic dogs to behave and pull their belongings. Tipis and belongings, as well as small children, were carried on travois, a frame structure using the tipi poles and pulled past dogs and later horses.

The introduction of the horse to Kiowa society revolutionized their manner of life. They acquired horses by raiding rancheros s of the Rio Grande into United mexican states, too as past raiding other Indian peoples who already had horses, such every bit the Navajo and the various Pueblo people. With the equus caballus, they could transport larger loads, hunt more game over a wider range and more easily, and travel longer and farther. The Kiowa became powerful and skilled mounted warriors who conducted long-altitude raids against enemies. The Kiowa were considered among the finest horsemen on the Plains. A human being's wealth was measured primarily by the size of his horse herd, with particularly wealthy individuals having herds numbering in the hundreds. Horses were targets of capture during raids. The Kiowa considered it an honor to steal horses from enemies, and such raids ofttimes served every bit a rite of passage for young warriors. They adorned their horses with body paint from the medicine man for ritual and spiritual purposes, such as good fortune and protection during boxing. Kiowa horses were also ofttimes decorated with beaded masks (sometimes with bison horns attached to the sides) and feathers in their manes. Mules and donkeys were likewise used every bit ways of transportation and wealth; however, they were non as esteemed.

Sociopolitical organization [edit]

The Kiowa had a well structured tribal government like most tribes on the Northern Plains. They had a yearly Sun Dance gathering and an elected head-chief who was considered to be a symbolic leader of the unabridged nation. Warrior societies and religious societies were important to Kiowa society and carried out specific roles. Chiefs were chosen based on bravery and backbone shown in battle besides as intelligence, generosity, experience, communication skills, and kindness to others. The Kiowa believed that the young fearless warrior was ideal. The unabridged tribe was structured effectually this individual. The warrior was the ideal to which young men aspired. Because of these factors, the Kiowa was of utmost importance in the history of the Southern Plains.^[22]

The women gain prestige through the achievements of their husbands, sons, and fathers, or through their ain achievements in the arts. Kiowa women tanned, skin-sewed, painted geometric designs on parfleche and afterwards beaded and quilled hides.^[23] The Kiowa women took care of the camp while the men were away. They gathered and prepared food for wintertime months, and participated in primal ritual events. Kiowa men lived in the families of their wives' extended families. Local groups (jōfàujōgáu or jōdáu) were led by the jōfàujōqì, which merged to become a band (topadoga). These bands were led by a main, the Topadok'i (′main primary′).

The Kiowa had two political subdivisions (particularly with regard to their relationship with the Comanche):

• To-kinah-yup or Thóqàhyòp /Thóqàhyòi (″Northerners″, lit. 'Men of the Cold' or ′Common cold People′, 'northern Kiowa', lived along the Arkansas River and the Kansas border, comprising the more numerous northern bands)
• Sálqáhyóp or Sálqáhyói (″Southerners″, lit. ′Hot People′, 'southern Kiowa', lived in the Llano Estacado (Staked Plains), Oklahoma Panhandle and Texas Panhandle, allies of the Comanche).

As the pressure on Kiowa lands increased in the 1850s, the regional divisions changed. A new regional grouping emerged:

• the Gwa-kelega or Gúhàlēcáuigú ('Wild Mustang Kiowa' or ′Gúhàlē Kiowa′, they were named for the large mustang herds in the territory of the Kwahadi (Quohada) Band of the Comanche, this Comanche Band was known to them as Gúhàlēgáu – ′Wild Mustang People′′, with which they were living in close proximity during the terminal resistance to white settlement on the Southern Plains).

After the decease of the high main Dohäsan in 1866, the Kiowa split politically into a peace faction and a war faction. War-bands and peace-bands adult primarily based on their proximity to Fort Sill (Xóqáudáuhága – ′At Medicine Barefaced′, lit. ′Rock Cliff Medicine At Soldiers Collective They Are′) and their caste of interaction.^[24]

Kiowa bands within the tipi ring during the annual Sun Dance (called Kc-to):^[25]

• Kâtá or Qáutjáu ('Biters', lit. Arikara, because they had a potent trading history with the Arikara people and some families take had Arikara kin; this is the most powerful and largest Kiowa band)
• Kogui or Qógûi ('Elks Band')
• Kaigwa or Cáuigú ('Kiowa Proper')
• Kinep / Kí̱bi̱dau / Kíbìdàu (′Big Shields′) or Khe-ate / Kí̱ːet / Kíèt ('Big Shield'), also known as Káugyabî̱dau / Kāugàbîdāu (′Big Hides / Robes′)
• Semat / Sémhát ('Stealers' or ′Thieves′, Kiowa name for their allies, the Kiowa Apache, during the Sunday Dance as well called Taugûi – ′Sitting (at the) Outside′)
• Soy-hay-talpupé / Sáuhédau-talyóp ('Blueish Boys') or Pahy-dome-gaw / Pái-dome-gú ('Under-the-Lord's day-Men') (smallest Kiowa band)

During the Sun Dance, some bands had special obligations. These were traditionally defined as follows:

The Kâtá had the traditional right (duty or task) to supply the Kiowa during the Sun Dance with enough bison meat and other foods. This band was particularly wealthy in horses, tipis and other goods. The famous Principal Kiowa chiefs Dohäsan (Lilliputian Mountain) and Guipago (Lone Wolf) were members of this band.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Kogui were responsible for conducting the state of war ceremonies during the Sun Dance. There were numerous famous families and leaders known for their military exploits and bravery, such equally Advertising-da-te ("Islandman"), Satanta (White Bear), and Boot Bird, and the war chiefs Big Bow (Zepko-ete) and Stumbling Bear (Gear up-imkia).

The Kaigwu were the guardians of the Sacred or Medicine bundle (Tai-mé, Taimay) and the holy lance. Therefore, they were respected and enjoyed a special prestige.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Kinep or Khe-ate were frequently called "Sun Trip the light fantastic Shields", because during the trip the light fantastic, they observed police force duties and ensured security. The chief Adult female's Heart (Manyi-ten) belonged to this band.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Semat were allowed to participate as, but had no specific duties and obligations during the Sun Dance.^{[ citation needed ]}

Enemies and warrior civilization [edit]

Ledger drawings by Silver Horn featuring a collection of Kiowa shield designs, 1904.

Typical of the plains Indians, the Kiowa were a warrior people. They fought frequently with enemies both neighboring and far beyond their territory. The Kiowa were notable fifty-fifty among plains Indians for their long-distance raids, including raids far due south into Mexico and north onto the northern plains. Most all warfare took place while mounted on horses. Enemies of the Kiowa include the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Navajo, Ute, and occasionally Lakota to the n and westward of Kiowa territory. East of Kiowa territory they fought with the Pawnee, Osage, Kickapoo, Kaw, Caddo, Wichita, and Sac and Play tricks. To the s they fought with the Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, Chiricahua Apache called past the Kiowa Do'-ko'nsenä'go - ""People of the turned-up moccasins" and Tonkawa. The Kiowa besides came into conflict with Indian nations from the American south and e displaced to Indian Territory during the Indian Removal period including the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muskogee, and Chickasaw. Eastern tribes found that Indian Territory, the place they were sent, was already occupied by plains Indians, near notably the Kiowa and Comanche. The Cheyenne and Arapaho would later on make peace with the Kiowa and class a powerful alliance with them, the Comanche, and the Plains Apache to fight invading settlers and U.S soldiers, as well as Mexicans and the Mexican Ground forces.^[26]

Ledger drawing depicting a meeting between a Kiowa–Comanche war party and a Pawnee war party (right side).

Like other plains Indians, the Kiowa had specific warrior societies. Young men who proved their bravery, skill, or displayed their worth in battle were often invited to ane of the warrior societies. In addition to warfare, the societies worked to keep peace within the camps and tribe equally a whole. There were 6 warrior societies amidst the Kiowa.^[27] The Po-Lanh-Yope (Little Rabbits) was for boys; all immature Kiowa boys were enrolled and the group served mostly social and education purposes, involving no violence or gainsay. The Adle-Tdow-Yope (Immature Sheep), Tsain-Tanmo (Horse Headdresses), Tdien-Pei-Gah (Gourd Society), and Ton-Kon-Gah (Black Legs or Leggings), were developed warrior societies.^{[28] [29]} The Koitsenko (Qkoie-Tsain-Gah, Master Dogs or Real Dogs)^[xxx] consisted of the ten most elite warriors of all the Kiowa, who were elected by the members of the other four adult warrior societies.^[31]

Kiowa warriors used a combination of traditional and nontraditional weapons, including long lances, bows and arrows, tomahawks, knives, and war-clubs, as well every bit the later acquired rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and cavalry swords. Shields were made from tough bison hide stretched over a wooden frame, or made from the skull of bison, which made a small, strong shield. Shields and weapons were adorned with feathers, furs, and brute parts such as eagle claws for ceremonial purposes.

Calendar of 37 months, 1889–92, kept on a pare by Anko, ca. 1895

Kiowa calendars [edit]

The Kiowa people told ethnologist James Mooney that the first calendar keeper in their tribe was Piffling Bluff, or Tohausan, who was the principal chief of the tribe from 1833 to 1866. Mooney also worked with two other calendar keepers, Settan, or Little Bear, and Ankopaaingyadete, In the Middle of Many Tracks, ordinarily known as Anko. Other Plains tribes kept pictorial records, known as "winter counts".

The Kiowa calendar arrangement is unique: they recorded 2 events for each year, offering a effectively-grained record and twice as many entries for any given period. Silver Horn (1860–1940), or Haungooah, was the most highly esteemed artist of the Kiowa tribe in the 19th and 20th centuries, and kept a calendar. He was a respected religious leader in his later years.^[32]

Funeral practices [edit]

In Kiowa tradition, death had strong associations with darks spirits and negative forces, which meant that the expiry of an private was seen as a traumatic experience. Fearfulness of ghosts in Kiowa communities stemmed from the belief that spirits commonly resisted the terminate of their physical life. The spirits were thought to remain around the corpse or its burial place, too every bit haunt quondam living spaces and possessions. Lingering spirits were also believed to help encourage the dying to cross from the physical earth to the afterlife. The fear of ghosts can be seen in the way skulls were treated, which^{[ clarification needed ]} was believed to be a source of negative spiritual contamination that invited danger to the living. Due to the fears and risks associated with death, the customs's reactions were instantaneous and brutal.^[33] Families and relatives were expected to demonstrate grief through reactions such as wailing, ripping off clothes and shaving of the head. There have also been accounts of self-induced body lacerations and finger joints being cutting. In the process of grief, women and the widowed spouse were expected to be more than expressive in their mourning.^[34]

The trunk of the deceased must be done before burial. The washer, historically a woman, too combs the pilus and paints the face of the expressionless. Once the body has been treated, a burial occurs promptly. When possible, the burial takes place on the aforementioned solar day, unless the death occurs at dark. In this case the dead is cached the post-obit morning. A quick burial was believed to reduce the risk of spirits remaining around the burying site. After the burying, most of the belongings of the dead were burned along with their tipi. If their tipi or house was shared with family, the surviving relatives moved into a new house.^[35]

History [edit]

As members of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family unit, the Kiowa at some distant time probable shared an ethnic origin with the other Amerindian nations of this small language family: Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, and others. Past historic times, nevertheless, the Kiowa lived in a hunter-gatherer economy unlike the sedentary pueblo societies of the others. The Kiowa also had a complex ceremonial life and adult the 'Winter counts' every bit calendars. The Kiowa recount their origins as near the Missouri River, and the Blackness Hills. They knew that they were driven southward past pressure from the Sioux.

For the primeval recorded — and recounted — history of the Kiowa, see further beneath.

Following A'date, famous Kiowa leaders were Dohäsan (Tauhawsin, Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mount, alias Piddling Barefaced); Satank (Set-ankea, Sitting Bear), Guipago (Gui-pah-gho, Lone Wolf The Elder, alias Guibayhawgu, Rescued From Wolves), Satanta (Fix-tainte, White Behave), Tene-angopte (Kick Bird), Zepko-ete (Big Bow), Fix-imkia (Stumbling Comport), Manyi-ten (Woman's Eye), Napawat (No Mocassin), Mamanti (Walking-above), Tsen-tainte (White Horse), Ado-ete (Big Tree).^[36]

Dohasan, who is also known as Touhason,^[37] is considered by many to be the greatest Kiowa Master (1805–1866), equally he unified and ruled the Kiowa for 30 years. He signed several treaties with the United States, including the Fort Atkinson Treaty of July 27, 1852, and the Little Arkansas Treaty of 1865.^[37] Guipago became the head chief of the Kiowa when Dohosan (Little Barefaced) named him every bit his successor. Guipago and Satanta, forth with old Satank, led the warring faction of the Kiowa nation, while Tene-angopte and Napawat led the peaceful political party.^[36]

In 1871 Satank, Satanta and Big Tree (translated in some documents as Addo-etta^[36]) helped lead the Warren Wagon Train Raid. They were arrested by U.s.a. soldiers and transported to Jacksboro, Texas. En route, near Fort Sill, Indian Territory, Satank killed a soldier with a knife and was shot by cavalry troops while trying to escape. Satanta and Big Tree were later convicted of murder past a "cowboy jury".

In September 1872, Guipago met with Satanta and Ado-ete, the visit being ane of Guipago'south weather for accepting a request to travel to Washington and run across President Grant for peace talks. Guipago eventually got the two captives released in September 1873. Guipago, Satanta, Set-imkia, Zepko-ete, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte and Ado-ete led Kiowa warriors during the "Buffalo war" along the Ruby-red River, together with the Comanche allies, in the summer (June–September) 1874. They surrendered later the Palo Duro Canyon fight. Tene-angopte had to select 26 Kiowa chiefs and warriors to be deported; Satanta was sent to a prison in Huntsville, Alabama, while Guipago, Manyi-ten, Mamanti, Tsen-tainte, and others were sent to St. Augustine, Florida, at what was then known as Fort Marion.^[36] Tene-angopte, damned by the "medicine-homo" Mamanti, died in May 1875; Satanta committed suicide at Huntsville in October 1878. Guipago, having fallen sick with malaria, was jailed in Fort Sill, where he died in 1879.

The sculptor of the Indian Head nickel, James Earle Fraser, is reported to take said that Chief Large Tree (Adoeette) was 1 of his models for the U.Due south. money; it was minted from 1913 through 1938.^[38]

Early history and migration south [edit]

The Southern Plains territory of the Kiowa Nation at the time of European contact (run across text for migrations).

Crimson sandstone cliffs in the Black Hills Wyoming, former Kiowa territory which remains a sacred area to them in modern times.

Southern plains of the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle.

The Kiowa emerged equally a singled-out people in their original homeland of the northern Missouri River Basin. Searching for more lands of their own, the Kiowa traveled southeast to the Black Hills in present-day South Dakota and Wyoming effectually 1650. In the Black Hills region, the Kiowa lived peacefully alongside the Crow Indians, with whom they long maintained a close friendship, organized themselves into 10 bands, and numbered around 3000. Pressure from the Ojibwe in the due north forest and edge of the great plains in Minnesota forced the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and subsequently the Sioux w into Kiowa territory around the Blackness Hills. The Kiowa were pushed south by the invading Cheyenne who were and then pushed westward out of the Blackness Hills by the Sioux. Eventually the Kiowa obtained a vast territory on the key and southern great plains in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, nearly of Oklahoma including the panhandle, and the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico.^[39] In their early history, the Kiowa traveled with dogs pulling their holding until horses were obtained through trade and raid with the Spanish and other Indian nations in the southwest.

In the early on jump of 1790 at the identify that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party led by war leader Guikate, made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a mutual friend of both tribes. This led to a afterwards meeting between Guikate and the head master of the Nokoni Comanche. The two groups made an alliance to share the aforementioned hunting grounds and entered into a mutual defence pact and became the dominant inhabitants of the Southern Plains. From that time on, the Comanche and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made state of war together. In addition to the Comanche, the Kiowa formed a very close alliance with the Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache), with the 2 nations sharing much of the same culture and participating in each other's annual council meetings and events. The strong alliance of southern plains nations kept the Castilian from gaining a stiff colonial hold on the southern plains.

Indian wars [edit]

In closing years of the 18th century and in the get-go quarter of the 19th century, the Kiowa feared little from European neighbors. Kiowa ranged northward of the Wichita Mountains. The Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. The enemies of the Kiowa were commonly the enemies of the Comanche. To the eastward there was warfare with the Osage and Pawnee.

In the early on 19th, the Cheyenne and Arapaho began camping on the Arkansas River and new warfare broke out. In the south of the Kiowa and Comanche were Caddoan speakers, but the Kiowa and Comanche were friendly toward these bands. The Comanche were at war with the Apache of the Rio Grande region.^[22]

Cut-Throat Massacre, 1833. A picture from the Dohasan winter count.

They warred with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, Pawnee, Sac and Fox, and Osages.

In summer 1833, the Osage attacked an exposed Kiowa camp near Caput Mountain, Oklahoma. The Kiowa lost many anile people, children and women. The heads were cutting off and placed in kettles. During this "Cut-Throat Massacre", the Osage captured the sacred Tai-me (the Sunday Dance figure of the Kiowa) as well. The Kiowa were unable to perform the Sunday Dance until the return of the Tai-me in 1835.^{[40] : 33} Dohasan replaced the sometime Kiowa chief, since he had failed to conceptualize danger.^{[41] : 259}

The Kiowa traded with the Wichita south forth Red River and with Mescalero Apache and New Mexicans to the southwest. After 1840 they and their quondam enemies the Cheyenne, likewise as their allies the Comanche and the Apache, fought and raided the Eastern natives moving into the Indian Territory.^[42]

From 1821 until 1870 the Kiowa joined the Comanche in raids, primarily to obtain livestock, that extended deep into Mexico and caused the death of thousands of people.^[43]

Colonial Transition [edit]

The years from 1873 to 1878 marked a desperate change in Kiowa lifestyle. In June 1874, the Kiowa, along with a group of Comanche and Cheyenne warriors, made their last protest confronting the invasion of white men at the Boxing of Adobe Walls in Texas, which proved futile. In 1877, the first homes were constructed for the Indian chiefs and a plan was initiated to employ Indians at the Agency. Xxx Indians were hired to grade the starting time police forcefulness on the Reservation.^[44]

The Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Some bands of Kiowas remained at large until 1875. Some of the Lipan Apache and Mescalero Apache bands with some Comanche in their company held out in northern United mexican states until the early 1880s, when Mexican and U.S. Army forces collection them onto reservations or into extinction. By the Treaty of Medicine Lodge in 1867, the Kiowas settled in Western Oklahoma and Kansas.^[45]

They were forced to motion south of the Washita River to the Red River and Western Oklahoma with the Comanches and the Kiowa Apache Tribe. The transition from the complimentary life of Plains people to a restricted life of the reservation was more difficult for some families than others.^[45]

Reservation menses [edit]

The reservation period lasted from 1868 to 1906. In 1873, the first school amid the Kiowa was established past Quaker Thomas C. Battey. In 1877, the federal government congenital the first homes for the Indian chiefs and initiated a plan to employ Indians. 30 Indians were hired to form the first law on the reservation. In 1879, the agency was moved from Ft. Sill to Anadarko.^[46] The 1890 Demography showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.^[47]

An agreement made with the Cherokee Commission signed past 456 developed male Kiowa, Comanche, and Kiowa-Apache on Sept. 28, 1892, cleared the way for the opening of the land to white settlers. The agreement provided for an allotment of 160 acres (65 ha) to every individual in the tribes and for the sale of the reservation lands (ii,488,893 acres or 1,007,219 ha) to the United States – was to go into effect immediately upon ratification by Congress, fifty-fifty though the Medicine Lodge treaty of 1867 had guaranteed Indian possession of the reservation until 1898. The Indian signers wanted their names stricken but information technology was too tardily. A'piatan, as the leader, went to Washington to protest. Chief Solitary Wolf (the Younger) immediately file proceedings confronting the act in the Supreme Court, but the Courtroom decided against him on June 26, 1901.^[48]

Agents were assigned to the Kiowa people.

Modern period [edit]

Since 1968, the Kiowa have been governed by the Kiowa Tribal Council, which presides over business concern related to health, instruction, and economic and industrial development programs.^[49]

On March 13, 1970, the constitution and bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma were drafted, and Kiowa voters ratified them on May 23, 1970.^[50] The current constitution was approved in 2017.^[51]

In 1998, a pregnant legal development occurred with a landmark conclusion. In Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc., the U.South. Supreme Court ruled that Indian tribes retain their sovereign immunity as nations from private suits without their consent, even in off-reservation transactions where they do not waive that amnesty.^{[52] [53]}

As of 2000^[update], more four,000 of 12,500 enrolled Kiowa lived well-nigh the towns of Anadarko, Fort Cobb, and Carnegie, in Caddo and Kiowa counties, Oklahoma. Kiowa also reside in urban and suburban communities throughout the United States, having moved to areas with more jobs. Each twelvemonth Kiowa veterans commemorate the warlike spirit of the 19th-century leaders with dances performed past the Kiowa Gourd Clan and Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Club. Kiowa cultural identity and pride is credible in their expressive civilization and potent influence on the Gourd Dance and southern plains fine art.^[49]

Longhorn Mountain controversy [edit]

Longhorn Mountain most Carnegie, Oklahoma, a sacred site and source of cedar for the Kiowa, was leased to stone-crushing company Stewart Stone, Inc., of Cushing, Oklahoma, which announced intentions to begin to mine gravel in 2013.

This article needs to be updated. Please aid update this article to reflect contempo events or newly bachelor information. (October 2021)

Humanities [edit]

Donna Standing Steinberg, Kiowa–Wichita, and Josephine Parker, Kiowa, with their beadwork

Documentation of the history and evolution of contemporary Kiowa art formulates one of the nigh unusual records in Native American civilisation. Every bit early as 1891, Kiowa artists were existence commissioned to produce works for display at international expositions. The "Kiowa Six" were some of the primeval Native Americans to receive international recognition for their piece of work in the fine art world. They influenced generations of Indian artists among the Kiowa, and other Plains tribes. Traditional craft skills are not lost among the Kiowa people today and the talented fine craft produced by Kiowa Indians helped the Oklahoma Indian Arts and Crafts Cooperative flourish over its xx-year existence.^[46]

Ledger fine art and hide painting [edit]

Early Kiowa ledger artists were those held in captivity by the U.S. Army at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida (1875–1878), at the determination of the Red River State of war, which likewise is known as the Southern Plains Indian War.^[54] Ledger art emerges from the Plains hide painting tradition. These Fort Marion artists include Kiowas Etadleuh Doanmoe and Zotom, who was a prolific artist who chronicled his experiences earlier and later on becoming a captive at the fort. Later his release from Fort Marion, Paul Zom-tiam (Zonetime, Koba) studied theology from 1878 until 1881, when he was ordained as a deacon in the Episcopal church building.^[55]

A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, a fight between Southern Plains Indians and the U.Southward. Army during the Carmine River War.

Kiowa Half dozen [edit]

Following in Silver Horn's footsteps were the Kiowa Half-dozen,^[56] or, as they have been known in the past, the Kiowa Five. They are Spencer Asah, James Auchiah, Jack Hokeah, Stephen Mopope, Lois Smoky Kaulaity, and Monroe Tsatoke.^[57] Coming from the expanse around Anadarko, Oklahoma, these artists studied at the Academy of Oklahoma. Lois Smoky left the group in 1927, but James Auchiah took her identify in the group. The Kiowa Half-dozen gained international recognition as fine artists by exhibiting their work in the 1928 International Art Congress in Czechoslovakia and so participated in the Venice Biennale in 1932.^[58]

Painters and sculptors [edit]

Besides the Kiowa Half dozen and Argent Horn, Kiowa painters agile in the 20th and 21st centuries include Sharron Ahtone Harjo, Homer Buffalo, Charley Oheltoint, Michael C. Satoe Brown, T. C. Cannon, Wilson Daingkau, George Geionty, Bobby Hill (1933–1984), Harding Bigbow (1921–1997), Jim Tartsah, Mirac Creepingbear (1947–1990), Herman Toppah, Ernie Keahbone, C. E. Rowell, Dixon Palmer, Roland Whitehorse, Blackbear Bosin, Woody Big Bow (1914–1988), Parker Boyiddle Jr. (1947–2007), Dennis Belindo (1938–2009), Clifford Doyeto (1942–2010), Al Momaday, George Keahbone, Joe Lucero (Hobay), Ladonna Tsatoke Silverhorn, R.G. Geionty, Huzo Paddelty, Keri Ataumbi, David Eastward. Williams. Micah Wesley. Thomas Poolaw, Tennyson Reid, Sherman Chaddlesone (1947–2013), Cruz McDaniels, Robert Redbird (b. 1939), Gus Hawziptaw, Gerald Darby, Lee Tsatoke Jr., North. Scott Momaday, and Barthell Little Main.

Beadwork artists [edit]

Noted Kiowa beadwork artists include Lois Smoky Kaulaity, Donna Jean Tsatoke, Alice Littleman, Nettie Standing, Marilyn Yeahquo, Edna Hokeah Pauahty, Leona Geimasaddle, Barry D. Belindo, Kathy Littlechief, Katherine Dickerson, Charlie Silverhorn, Paul McDaniels, Jr., Kiowa J. Taryole, Grace Tsontekoy, Richard Aitson, Judy Beaver, Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings, Leatrice Geimasaddle, Teri Greeves, and Tahnee Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder.^[59]

[edit]

Kiowa author Northward. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Fabricated of Dawn. Richard Aitson (Kiowa-Kiowa Apache) is a published poet. Other Kiowa authors include playwright Hanay Geiogamah, poet and filmmaker Gus Palmer, Jr., Alyce Sadongei, Marian Kaulaity Hansson, Tocakut and Tristan Ahtone.

Musicians and composers [edit]

Kiowa music often is noted for its hymns that historically were accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Noted Kiowa composers of gimmicky music include James Anquoe, noted for his contributions to Native American civilization.^[threescore] Contemporary Kiowa musicians include Cornel Pewewardy, Tom Mauchahty-Ware, and Terry Tsotigh.

Photographers [edit]

Early on Kiowa photographers include Parker McKenzie and his wife Nettie Odlety, whose photographs from 1913 are in the collection of the Oklahoma History Center. Kiowa photographer Horace Poolaw (1906–1984) was one of the nigh prolific Native American photographers of his generation.^[61] He documented the Kiowa people living about his community in Mountain View, Oklahoma, beginning the 1920s. His legacy is continued today past his grandson, Thomas Poolaw, a prominent Kiowa photographer and digital creative person.^[62]

Image gallery [edit]

• 

  Kiowa ledger fine art, ca. 1874

College [edit]

The tribe in February 2020 chartered Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma as its tribal college.^[63] In March Kiowa Tribal Historian Phil "Joe Fish" Dupoint began offering an viii-week course in the Kiowa language online through the college.^[64]

Notable Kiowas [edit]

Micah Wesley, 2008, enrolled Kiowa creative person and DJ^{[65] [66]}

• Ahpeahtone (1856–1931), chief
• Richard Aitson (b. 1953), bead creative person and poet
• Spencer Asah, painter, one of the Kiowa Vi
• James Auchiah, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
• Big Bow, (1833–ca. 1900) war master
• Blackbear Bosin (1921–1980), painter and sculptor
• T. C. Cannon, painter and printmaker
• Cozad Singers, pulsate group and NAMMY winners
• Jesse Ed Davis (1944–1988), Kiowa-Comanche guitarist
• Dohäsan (ca. 1785–1866), chief of Kata band and Principal Main of the Kiowas, artist, agenda keeper
• Teri Greeves (b. 1970), bead artist
• Sharron Ahtone Harjo (b. 1945), painter, ledger artist
• Jack Hokeah, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
• Vanessa Paukeigope Jennings (b. 1952), bead creative person, wearable and regalia maker
• Kicking Bird (1835–1875), war chief
• Alone Wolf (Kiowa), Gui-pah-gho, The Elder and Primary Chief
• Tom Mauchahty-Ware, musician and dancer
• Parker McKenzie (1897–1999), traditionalist and linguist
• Arvo Mikkanen, attorney
• Northward. Scott Momaday, Pulitzer Prize Winner, author, painter, and activist
• Stephen Mopope, painter, one of the Kiowa Six
• Horace Poolaw (1906–1984), photographer
• Pascal Poolaw (1922–1967), Native American war hero
• Cerise Warbonnet (d. 1849), traditionalist
• Satanta (Set'tainte) (ca. 1820–1878), war master
• Argent Horn (1860–1940), artist and calendar keeper
• Sitting Deport (Set-Tank, Fix-Angia, chosen Satank) (ca. 1800–1871), warrior and medicine man
• Lois Smoky, bead artist and painter, i of the Kiowa Six
• Kendal Thompson, professional football player
• Monroe Tsatoke, painter, i of the Kiowa Half dozen
• White Horse (Tsen-tainte) (d. 1892), master
• Chris Wondolowski, US professional soccer player
• Tahnee Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, (b. 1978) curator, artist, and dancer
• Lindy Waters 3, (b. 1997) US professional NBA histrion
• Mirac Creepingbear, (1947- 1990) painter
• Sherman Chaddlesone, (1947- 2013) muralist, sculptor, and painter

Kiowas in Fiction [edit]

• Kiowa, a Native American character in The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien.^[67]
• The civilisation and language of the Kiowa is encountered in the novel News of the World by Paulette Jiles through the character of Johanna Leonberger, captured and assimilated at aged six into the Kiowa - later adapted into a flick.^[68]
• Wintertime-Telling Stories is a collection of Kiowa tales written past Alice Marriott and illustrated by Roland Whitehorse.
• Rawhide features many encounters with the Kiowa.
• I of the principal characters in the TV show The Young Riders is one-half-Kiowa.
• The titular graphic symbol in Turok is revealed to exist Kiowa.
• Tangua was chief of the Kiowa in Karl May's Winnetou trilogy.

Come across also [edit]

• Gourd Trip the light fantastic toe
• Koitsenko, Kiowa warrior order
• Large Pasture, 1901 Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache grazing reserve

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Archived April 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: twenty. Retrieved 4 Jan 2012.
2. ^ "Kiowa". Merriam-Webster Lexicon.
3. ^ "Kiowa". Lexicon.com Unabridged (Online). due north.d.
4. ^ Pritzker 326
5. ^ ^{a b c} Kracht, Benjamin R. "Kiowa". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
6. ^ Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior. (28 January 2022). "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Agency of Indian Diplomacy". Federal Register. National Archives. Retrieved 18 Apr 2022.
7. ^ {{Cite web|url=http://world wide web.unesco.org/civilization/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-873.html%7Ctitle=UNESCO Atlas of the Earth's Languages in danger proper noun="ethno">"Kiowa Tanoan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
8. ^ Mooney, James. 1898. Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians. Us Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-six Almanac Report. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Establishment. p 326
9. ^ Watkins, Laurel. 1984. A Grammar of Kiowa. Lincoln, NE: Academy of Nebraska Printing.
10. ^ Catlin, George. 1861/1869. "Four Kiowa Indians." National Gallery of Fine art. Online, [one]. Accessed March 1, 2022.
11. ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native Due north America (First paperback ed.). Cambridge, Great britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 441. ISBN0-521-23228-7.
12. ^ McKenzie, Parker P. and John P. Harrington. 1948 A Pop Account of the Kiowa Linguistic communication. Santa Fe, NM: Academy of New Mexico Press.
13. ^ A Guide to the Kiowa Collections at the Smithsonian Establishment by Merrill, Hansson, Greene and Reuss, Smithsonian Establishment Printing, Washington D.C., 1997.
14. ^ Davis, Jeffrey. 2006. "A historical linguistic business relationship of sign language amidst Northward American Indian groups." In Multilingualism and Sign Languages: From the Dandy Plains to Australia; Sociology of language of the Deafened community, C. Lucas (ed.), Vol. 12, pp. 3–35. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press
15. ^ "Government: Chairman". Kiowa Tribe . Retrieved 18 Jan 2020.
16. ^ "Kiowa Red River Casino." 500 Nations. Retrieved 4 Jan 2011.
17. ^ "Kiowa Bingo." Archived October eighteen, 2011, at the Wayback Automobile 500 Nations. Retrieved iv January 2011.
18. ^ "About Kiowa Casino". Kiowa Casino & Hotel. Kiowa Tribe. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
19. ^ Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard Academy, folio 51
20. ^ Rollings (2004), pp. 22-28.
21. ^ Wishart, David J. Encyclopedia of the Nifty Plains Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89.
22. ^ ^{a b} Dick Swift, "Introduction to the Study of Due north American Indians", A History and Culture of the Southern Plains Tribes, Carnegie Public Schools, 1972
23. ^ The Kiowa, past U.S. Section of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994
24. ^ William C. Meadows: Kiowa Ethnogeography, University of Texas Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-292-71878-4, Kiowa Homeland, pages 122 – 123
25. ^ Kiowa Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography Archived March 30, 2013, at the Wayback Automobile
26. ^ "Kiowas". Encyclopedia of the Bang-up Plains . Retrieved 2013-06-23 .
27. ^ Boyd, 71
28. ^ "The Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma". Spottedbird Publishing, LLC . Retrieved 1 August 2017.
29. ^ Attocknie, Dana (November 11, 2010). "Kiowa Black Leggings Warrior Guild". Oklahoma Native Times Mag . Retrieved 1 August 2017.
30. ^ Boyd, 73
31. ^ Mayhall, Mildred P. "Kiowa Indians". The Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 2008-01-17 .
32. ^ Greene, Candace S. One Hundred Summers: A Kiowa Calendar Record. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
33. ^ Opler, Morris E., and William Due east. Bittle. "The Expiry Practices and Eschatology of the Kiowa Apache". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 17, no. 4, 1961, pp. 383–394., doi:10.1086/soutjanth.17.four.3628949.
34. ^ "Kiowa - Religion and Expressive Culture". Countries and Their Cultures, Every Culture, 2010, www.everyculture.com/North-America/Kiowa-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html.
35. ^ Fowler, Jess. "Jess Fowler." Myasd, Funeral Pro Chat, 2015, www.myasd.com/blog/article-toby-blackstar-discusses-funeral-community-native-american-communities.
36. ^ ^{a b c d} WARREN WAGONTRAIN RAID | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
37. ^ ^{a b} Tanner, Beccy (2013-02-05). "Betty Nixon dies; helped found Mid-America All-Indian Center". Wichita Eagle. Archived from the original on 2013-02-14. Retrieved 2013-02-09 .
38. ^ "Which Indian Really Modeled?" by Robert R. Van Ryzin, Numismatic News, 1990.
39. ^ "The Kiowa Indians". Retrieved 2013-06-23 .
40. ^ Boyd, Maurice (1981): Kiowa Voices. Ceremonial Trip the light fantastic, Ritual and Song. Part I. Fort Worth.
41. ^ Mooney, James (1898): Agenda History of the Kiowa Indians. Smithsonian Institution. 17th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Part I. Washington.
42. ^ Kiowa History past Evans R. Satepauhoodle, TU, 2004
43. ^ Smith, Ralph A. "The Comanches' Foreign War." Peachy Plains Periodical. Vol. 24–25, 1985–1986, p. 21
44. ^ The Kiowa, U.S. Section of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Middle
45. ^ ^{a b} Swift, Dick. 1972.
46. ^ ^{a b} The Kiowa by U.South. Department of the Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.
47. ^ Texas Across History – The Passing of the Indian Era
48. ^ Anadarko Daily News, Aug. iii & 4, 1996
49. ^ ^{a b} B.R. Kracht by Oklahoma Historical Society
50. ^ "Constitution and Bylaws of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma,, March 1970". OSU Athenaeum. Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
51. ^ "Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma—Tribal Constitution". National Indian Police force Library. Native American Rights Fund. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
52. ^ Walter Echo-Hawk, NARF Annual Report, 1998
53. ^ "Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc". Oyez.
54. ^ Southern Plains Indian state of war Archived 2006-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
55. ^ Viola 16
56. ^ "Nigh the Kiowa Six". Jacobson Firm. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
57. ^ Jacobson House Native Fine art Eye: About the Kiowa Six Jacobson House Native Fine art Center. (retrieved 21 July 2020)
58. ^ Dunn 240
59. ^ Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, Tahnee (Fall 2017). "7 Directions". Get-go American Art Mag (sixteen): 16–17. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
60. ^ The Kiowa by U.S. Section of Interior, Southern Plains Indian Museum, 1994.
61. ^ Smith, Laura. E. 2016. Horace Poolaw, Photographer of American Indian Modernity. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Online preview at "Horace Poolaw: Photographer of American Indian Modernity". Google Books . Retrieved 2 March 2022.
62. ^ "Urban five Prove at USD" Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. American Indian Journalism Constitute. (retrieved 7 Oct 2010)
63. ^ "Kiowa Tribe becomes fifth to charter Bacone College". Bacone College, February 20, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
64. ^ "Renowned Kiowa Tribal fellow member to teach linguistic communication course at Bacone Higher". Bacone College, March 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
65. ^ Native American Rights Fund. Visions for the Futurity: A Celebration of Immature Native American Artists, Book ane. Bedrock, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82. ISBN 978-1-55591-655-8.
66. ^ "Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup" Archived July 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Academy of New Mexico Today. eight Nov 2007 (retrieved 25 Feb 2010)
67. ^ "The Things They Carried: Character Analysis | Kiowa | Study Guide | CliffsNotes". www.cliffsnotes.com . Retrieved 2018-08-23 .
68. ^ "Paulette Jiles's National Book Award Finalist Reviewed". Retrieved 2018-12-04 .

References [edit]

• Boyd, Maurice. Kiowa Voices: Ceremonial Dance, Ritual, and Song. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, 1981. ISBN 978-0-912646-67-ane.
• Dunn, Dorothy. American Indian Painting of the Southwest and Plains Areas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. ASIN B000X7A1T0.
• Greene, Candace S. Silver Horn: Master Illustrator of the Kiowas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8061-3307-4.
• Pritzker, Barry Yard. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Printing, 2000. ISBN 978-0-xix-513877-ane.
• Rollings, William H; Deer, Ada Eastward (2004). The Comanche. Chelsea Firm Publishers. ISBN978-0-7910-8349-9.
• Viola, Herman (1998). Warrior Artists: Celebrated Cheyenne and Kiowa Indian Ledger Art Drawn By Making Medicine and Zotom. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-7370-ii

Further reading [edit]

• Boyd, Maurice (1983). Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales. Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian Academy Press. ISBN 0-912646-76-4.
• Corwin, Hugh (1958). The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories.
• Hoig, Stan (2000). The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird. Bedrock, CO: The University Printing of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-564-iv.
• Meadows, William C. (1999) "Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military machine Societies." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
• ____ (2006) "Black Goose's Map of the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Reservation in Oklahoma Territory." Bully Plains Quarterly 26(4):265–282.
• ____ (2008) "Kiowa Ethnogeography." Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
• ____ (2010) "Kiowa Military Societies: Ethnohistory and Ritual." Norman, OK: Academy of Oklahoma Press.
• ____ (2013) Kiowa Ethnonymy of Other Populations. Plains Anthropologist, 58(226):3–28.
• Meadows, William C. and Kenny Harragarra (2007 )"The Kiowa Drawings of Gotebo (1847–1927): A Cocky Portrait of Cultural and Religious Transition." Plains Anthropologist 52(202):229–244.
• Mishkin, Bernard (1988). Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians. AMS Printing. ISBN 0-404-62903-2.
• Nye, Colonel Westward.Due south. (1983). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1856-iii.
• Momaday, North. Scott (1977). The Way to Rainy Mount. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Printing. ISBN 0-8263-0436-2.
• Richardson, Jane (1988). Law & Condition Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1). AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62901-6.
• Tone-Pah-Hote, Jenny (2019). Crafting an Ethnic Nation: Kiowa Expressive Culture in the Progressive Era. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
• US Department of the Interior (1974). "The Kiowa". Southern Plains Indian Museum and Crafts Center.
• Walter Repeat-Hawk, In the Courts of the Conqueror: The 10 Worst Indian Police force Cases E'er Decided (2010).

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kiowa.

• Kiowa Tribe, official website
• Kiowa, Oklahoma Historical Society
• Kiowa Drawings, National Museum of Natural History
• 1901 U.Due south. Government Map, Oklahoma Digital Map Collection
• 2019 Map of area, OpenStreetMap
• Jane Richardson Hanks Kiowa Papers, Newberry Library
• Kiowa Comanche Apache Indian Lands

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa

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